Bigger and bigger

Planets
Earth may feel big to us, but at 12,756 km (7,962 miles) across , it is just a speck in an expanding Universe.
Stars
Planets orbits stars - our star is the Sun. Without it there would be no life. It measures 1.4 million km(870,000 miles) across.
Galaxies
Stars exists in galaxies, colossal star systems that come in a range of sizes and shapes. Earth is in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Cluster
Galaxies exist in clusters - the milky way Galaxy is in the local group cluster, stretching 10 million light years across.
Super-cluster
Galaxy clusters are within super-clusters - we are in the Virgo super-cluster, 200 million light years from one side to other.
Voids
The largest structures in the Universe are chains of super-clusters that are separated bu huge empty voids.

The name game

The term "Big Bang" was coined by Fred Hoyle in 1950 to illustrate to his radio listeners the difference between it and his own theory, "Steady State", where the Universe has no beginning.

How was the Universe created?

01.All it started with a Big Bang - a massive explosion that lasts for less than one trillionth of a second that will create tiny particles of radiation smaller than the size of a full stop.
02.After 380,000 years the first atom  was formed with 74% hydrogen and 24% helium.
03.After 1 billion years the first stars were formed, and there were dwarf galaxies throughout the Universe.
04.When the Universe was 3 billion years old, small galaxies were merged to form massive ones.
05.When 9 million years old, our Solar System was formed in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Internet Pioneer: Tim Berners-Lee

British scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented a simple computer language (HTML) that allowed pages to be linked together and designed an addressing scheme (URL) to locate each page. He then created the first web browser to allow people to access his creation, the world wide web, making all the resources to the internet available to everyone in the world.

I don't believe it (Internet)

It took 46 years after the invention of household electric power to wire 30% of American homes. Just 7 years after the World Wide Web was created, 30% of American homes were connected to the Internet.

Blasts from the past (Internet)

1969
Distant computers first communicate with each other when Arpanet is set up, linking computers at four US universities.


1971
The first email message is sent between computers


1983
A new computer language called TCP/IP allows all computers on the network to communicate with each other. The network is called the Internet and Govt. and Universities begin to use it


1991
The World Wide Web is created, giving people a simple way to navigate through the information on the internet


2008
There are more than 100 million websites.

Google: the record breaker

The world's biggest and most-used search engine, Google has an index of millions of web pages and handles 250 million searches everyday. The company was set up in 1998 and today has around 20,000 employees.

Four incredible Internet facts

01: The first message sent between computers was "lo". The sender was trying to write "login" but the system crashed before he finished typing.


02: New websites are added to the World Wide Web so rapidly that it is impossible for anyone to say how big it is.


03: The name "Google" is a play on the word "Googol" which is the name for the number 1 followed by 100 zeros i.e 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.


04: A wiki is a website that allows anyone to add to or change its content. The word "wiki" comes from a Hawaiian word for "quick".

Rapid growth of Internet users

Year                                      Number of Internet Users
1982                                      200
1991                                      600,000
1995                                      45,000,000
1999                                      150,000,000
2008                                      1,500,000,000

Top ten Internet countries

1.USA

211,108,086 users

2.China

137,000,000 users

3.Japan

86,300,000 users
4.Germany

50,471,212 users

5.India

40,000,000 users

6.UK

37,120,000 users

7.South Korea

34,130,000 users

8.Brazil

32,130,000 users

9.France

30,837,592 users

10.Italy

30,763,848 users

What's in a name? (Internet)

HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language)
The computer language websites are written in


WWW (World Wide Web)
All the interlinked pages that exist on the Internet


URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
A web address


TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
The standard method of communication that all internet sites use


HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
A request to retrieve a linked document on the web


ISP (Internet Service Provider)
The hub that connects a user to the internet

Where is the Internet?

The internet is everywhere. It's a network linking millions of computers all over the world. With a computer, the right software, and a phone connection, anyone anywhere in the world can set up a website for anyone else to look at. There is no one in charge of the Internet and since there is no limit to the number of computers that can be linked, there is no limit to the amount of information that can be held on it.

How do computers store data?

All the data stored in your computer - every word, picture, number, and sound - is captured as a series of electrical pulses that are either on or off. A number system called binary is used to represent these pulse with "1" meaning  ''on'' and ''0'' meaning ''off''. A single binary digit, known as a "bit", switches a single switch on or off. By linking together these switches, the computer can carry out the complex operations we demand.

Blasts from the past

1931
Belgian Georges Lemaitre suggests that all material in the Universe started as a single condensed sphere that exploded.
1948
Russian-born physicist George Gamow explains the first elements formed in the explosion.
1995
Englishman Fred Hoyle shows how heavier elements are produced by massive stars.
1965
American physicist Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover cosmic microwave background radiation, the leftover radiation initially produced by the Big Bang.
1980
Americxan Alan Guth modifies the Big Bang theory by introducing the idea of infltion - a short period of extra expansion within a split second of the start of the Universe.

What about me?

All the elements on Earth, including all the elements in your body, were produced in stars.

Universe is Expanding

The Universe is expanding by about 70 km(43 miles)  per second.

Creation of the Universe

01:At the start, the Universe was a hot and dense ball of radiation energy.
02:In one-thousandth of a second, tiny radiation particles produced by tiny particles of matter. These combined to form the first ever chemical elements, hydrogen and helium.
03:Some regions of the young Universe contained slightly more hydrogen and helium than others. These shrank to form the first stars.
04: Nuclear reactions inside the stars produced many other chemical elements, including carbon and oxygen.
05:The elements in the universe today were produced from elements created in the Big Bang.

Hot Stuff

In the first trillionth of a second of its creation, the tempereture of the Universe was ten billiob trillion trillion degrees Celcius.

I didn't know that

Everything in the Universe produces energy - you produce energy when you exercise, and light energy is produced by nuclear reactions inside stars.

Looking Back

-->We see objects in space because of their light. Stars produce their own but others, such as the Moon and planets, shine by reflecting light.
-->Light travels at 299,800 km per second(186,287 miles per second) - faster than anything else.
-->Distant stars are seen as they were in the past - when the light left them.
-->The most distant galaxies we see are about 13 billion light years away, and as they were in the early Universe.

What's in a Name?

The term "Big Bang" was coined by Fred Hoyle in 1950 to illustrate to his radio listeners the difference between it and his own theory "Steady State" where the universe has no beginning.

Elements in the Sun

01:Hydrogen    71%
02:helium    27.1%
03:Oxygen    0.97%
04:Carbon    0.4%
05:Nitrogen    0.096%
06:Silicon    0.099%
07:Magnesium    0.076%
08:Neon        0.058%
09:Iron        0.14%
10:Sulphur    0.04%

How old is the Universe?

The Universe is about 13.7 billion years old. At its beginning it looked nothing like it does today. Yet, everything in today's Universe did exist in some form back then. It all started with the Big Bang, a kind of explosion that would not only go on to produce all matter in the Universe but also marked the start of time.